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Reported Statements, Questions and Commands

Posted by Esther on 3:16
Normalmente, la mayor parte de las oraciones en estilo directo pueden clasificarse en una de estas tres categorías:

1 - Declaraciones: I'm in a hurry -Tengo prisa

2 - Preguntas: Where have you been? - ¿Dónde has estado?

3 - Órdenes y peticiones: Don't shout at me  - No me chilles

4 – Sugerencias: Why don´t we go to “Metallica´s” concert?

Para cada una de estas categorías (así como para otras de las que no nos ocuparemos en este nivel, como pueden ser las sugerencias), existen diferentes reglas que tendremos que aplicar. De ahí que, a la hora de construir una oración en estilo indirecto, debamos atender en primer lugar a la categoría en la que se incluiría la oración en estilo directo que queremos transformar, de acuerdo a la clasificación que acabamos de ver.


1. Declaraciones (statements): no son más que comentarios sobre el pasado, el presente o el futuro. A la hora de transformar este tipo de oraciones, lo más habitual es utilizar los verbos:

- "TELL" (cuando mencionamos a la persona que ha estado escuchando) 
- "SAY" (cuando no la mencionamos). 

Estilo directo: "I want to buy a new car", said Mike
Estilo indirecto: "Mike said he wanted to buy a new car" o 
                         "Mike told me he wanted to buy a new car"

Shesaid, mentioned, explained, pointed out, agreed, promised, threatened, pretended, claimed, recommended, suggested, admitted, denied, boasted, complained, insisted, proposed, repliedthat ...
Shetold, promised, advised, warned, remindedhimthat ...
Existen otros muchos verbos que nos servirán para introducir oraciones en estilo indirecto, pero de los que no nos ocuparemos en este nivel.

Los cambios principales que tenemos que realizar a la hora de transformar de estilo directo a indirecto son:

- Los tiempos verbales

- Los pronombres personales

- Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos

- Adverbios de tiempo y lugar.

a) Cambios que afectan a los tiempos verbales:

- Simple Present to Simple Past:
“I never eat meat”, he explained - He explained that he never ate meat.

- Present Continuous to Past Continuous:
“I am waiting for Ann”, he said – He said that he was waiting for Ann.

- Present Perfect to Past Perfect:
“I have found a flat”, he said – He said he had found a flat.

- Simple past to Past Perfect or Simple Past:
“I took it home with me”, he said – He said he had taken / took it home with him.

- Future Simple to Conditional
He said: “Ann will be in Paris on Monday” – He said Ann would be in Paris on Monday.

- Future Continuous to Conditional Continuous
“I’ll be using the car myself on the 24th”, he said – He said he would be using the car himself on the 24th.

- Modal verbs:
“Can” cambia a “could”; “may” a “might”; “shall” a “should”; “must” cambia a “had to” o “must”; “need” cambia a “”had to” o “need”.

Importante: los verbos modales “could”, “should”, “would”, “might”, “ought to” y la estructura “used to” no cambian en estilo indirecto.

b) Cambios que afectan a pronombres, adjetivos posesivos, demostrativos y adverbios:

- Los pronombres y los adjetivos posesivos cambian de la 1ª o 2ª persona a la 3ª:

"I have lost my wallet", he explained - He explained that he had lost his wallet

- Los demostrativos "this" y "these" cambian, respectivamente, a "that" y "those".

- En la siguiente tabla, puedes ver cómo cambiar correctamente los adverbios:




2. Preguntas (questions):  

A asked (B)QuestionSubjectVerb
She asked mewhyIhadn't finished.
I asked themwhentheywould go.
Tom askedifweunderstood.
Debemos diferenciar dos casos distintos. 
- WH-Questions: preguntas abiertas, introducidas por una "question word" ("what", "when", "how", "where", etc.) What´s your name?

- YES/ NO Questions: Are you happy today?

- WH-Questions:
- Aplicaremos los cambios que ya hemos visto, y que afectan a los tiempos verbales, a los pronombres, a los adjetivos posesivos y a los adverbios de tiempo y lugar.

- Por supuesto, omitiremos el signo de interrogación.

- Utilizaremos un verbo introductorio como "ask", "inquire" (más formal) o "wanted to know", entre otros.

- Mantendremos la "question word"("what", "when", "how", "where", etc.)

Vamos a ver un ejemplo:
Estilo directo: "Where have you been", he asked.
Estilo indirecto: He wanted to know where he had been.

Recuerda: una vez pasada a estilo indirecto, la pregunta se convierte en una oración afirmativa en cuanto a su estructura. Por eso, decir algo como "He wanted to know where had he been" sería incorrecto.

- YES/ NO Questions

Seguiremos los mismos pasos que para las wh- question pero en vez de la wh- question pondremos las conjunciones "whether" o "if". Fíjate en la traducción del ejemplo y verás que es igual que en español:

Estilo directo: "Do you know Bill?", he asked ("¿Conoces a Bill?", preguntó)
Estilo indirecto: He asked whether / if I knew Bill (Me preguntó si conocía a Bill)


3. Órdenes y peticiones (commands and requests):  

Para pasar a estilo indirecto este tipo de estructuras, normalmente recurriremos a un infinitivo con "to". 

¿Qué "reporting verbs" utilizaremos? Muy sencillo:

"tell" para las órdenes 
"ask" para las peticiones.

Importante: tanto si se trata de una orden como de una petición, utilizaremos siempre la misma estructura:

VERBO + OBJETO + INFINITIVO (to+base)"

Orden 
Estilo directo: Sit down!
Estilo indirecto: He told me to sit down

Petición
Estilo directo: Could you lend me your computer?
Estilo indirecto: He asked me to lend him my computer

4. Sugerencias (Suggestions):

 Utilizamos el verbo “SUGGEST” :

- seguido del verbo de la oración subordinada en –ING (si el hablante está incluido en la sugerencia)

Let´s have a drink!
He suggested having a drink

- seguido de una oración completa introducida por “THAT”+ SUJETO+ SHOULD” (si el hablante NO está incluido en la sugerencia)

Why don´t you study for the exam?
He suggested that I should study for the exam

RESUMEN DE LOS DIFERENTES PATRONES QUE NOS PODEMOS ENCONTRAR

REPORTING VERB+ INFINITIVO


verb
to + verb
She 
offered
agreed
refused
promised
threatened
pretended
to do
the shopping.

REPORTING VERB+ PRONOMBRE OBJETO + INFINITIVO

verb
who?
to + verb
She
told
ordered
asked
begged
advised
reminded
persuaded
encouraged
invited
him
to do the
shopping

REPORTING VERB+ GERUNDIO


Verb
verb-ing
I
admitted
denied
suggested
recommended
eating all the cake

REPORTING VERB+ PREPOSICIÓN+GERUNDIO
I blamed him for 
I accused him of 
I congratulated him on
I confessed to 
I apologised for 
I insisted on 
doing it

Complete the sentences so each pair has the same meaning. Use the same verb in both sentences, where possible.

  1. She told me that she wouldn't give me any money.
    She refused  me any money.
  2. He told me that he had stolen the car.
    He confessed  the car.
  3. He threatened that he would kill me.
    He threatened  me.
  4. She pretended that she was a doctor, and I believed her.
    She pretended  a doctor, and I believed her.
  5. She said that I should study chemistry at university.
    She encouraged  chemistry at university.
  6. He said it was my fault that the computer was broken.
    He blamed  the computer.
  7. He told me not to forget to bring my swimming costume.
    He reminded  my swimming costume.
  8. He asked me again and again if I would go out with him.
    He begged  out with him.
  9. He agreed that he would do the washing up.
    He agreed  the washing up.
  10. I asked him if he wanted to come to my party.
    I invited  to my party.
  11. I told them I was sorry burning the dinner.
    I apologised to them  the dinner.
  12. He said it would be nice if we went skiing.
    He suggested  skiing.
  13. He told me that I had to tidy my bedroom.
    He ordered  my bedroom.
  14. He asked me if I could open the window.
    He asked  the window.
  15. She said I shouldn't get angry.
    She advised me  angry.

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Indirect Questions

Posted by Esther on 3:11
La preguntas indirectas sirven para preguntar por algo de una manera mucho más educada y cordial que las directas.
Lo importante en la construcción de este tipo de preguntas es saber lo siguiente:
Con las preguntas “indirectas”, el orden del sujeto (y el auxiliar) y del verbo principal va en el mismo orden que en la afirmación.

Por ejemplo:

-Do you think he is doing his homework?
¿Crees que el está haciendo sus las tareas?

“He is doing”
 se mantiene igual que en la afirmación.


-Are you going to ask me what I bought?
¿Me vas a preguntar que me compré?

"I bought”, en Simple Past, queda igual que en su oración afirmativa.

Algunas formas de introducir preguntas indirectas son:

-Do you think..
-Could you tell me...
-Are you going to ask me...
-Do you know...
-I wonder...


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Inventions

Posted by Esther on 3:13
A workmate has shared with me an interesting text on accidental inventions. Have a look at this vid before reading the text.

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BrE vs AmE

Posted by Esther on 10:51


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For and against essay

Posted by Esther on 3:28



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The Great Gatsby

Posted by Esther on 3:25

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I wish he was or were

Posted by Esther on 7:35

As I explained in class there are certain contexts where "were" is used instead of "was". Actually, "was" is ungrammatical in these cases although natives do not usually know it. It has to do with the subjunctive mood.
Check it out:
Subjunctive
More on the subjunctive


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